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History of Moscow
The Foundation of the city
Moscow in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
Moscow - the capital of Russia
Moscow from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries
Moscow in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Famous dates and historical figures
Moscow…
How deep this world
Touches the Russian heart!
How much it means!
These are the immortal lines of Pushkin’s poem, well known to every citizen of Moscow since school. No matter how often you read them, they never lose their beauty. It is probably the best way to express those feelings that one might have thinking about Moscow.
The foundation of the city
The capital city appeared where the Moscow River meets the Negilinnay River. Archeologists say settlements on the territory of Moscow appeared thousands years ago. According to legends, the great duke Yuri Vladimirivich Dolgoruky invited duke Svyatoslav Igorevich (from “Slovo o polku Igoreve”) to the site of current-day Moscow and they had a feast, after which the city was founded.
Moscow opened trade routes to Oka and Volga to everyone from Russia’s northern and southern territories, from Ryazan and Smolensk, and between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Moscow became a dominant city - the symbol of Russian people.
The first Duke of Moscow was Vladimir Vsevolodovich(1194-1228), who inherited Moscow from his father Vsevolod III. He didn’t do anything of note.
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Moscow in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
The forefather of the dynasty of Moscow Dukes was a son of Alexander Nevsky – Daniil Alexandrovich. He started to gather piece of land around Moscow. And very soon became the territorial center of Russia. In 1326 the residence of Russian metropolitans (orthodox bishops) was moved from Tver to Moscow - an event of a great importance.
There were numerous attacks on Moscow. In 1382 the tatar khan Tohtamysh occupied Moscow. 24 thousand citizens were killed, and the Kremlin was burned to the ground. In 1382 Moscow was destroyed by a fire. Since that time chronicles started mentioning a ‘Kreml’ (Kremlin) which was made out of wood and stone and looked like that until 1485.
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Moscow - the capital of Russia
The rise of Moscow began during the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505). He planned to make Moscow “a Third Rome”, instead of Constantinopole, that lost its power long ago. From the end of the fifteenth century the Moscow crest started to feature a two-headed eagle, together with the picture of Georgi Pobedonosets. Ivan III started building defenses, monasteries, in addition to rebuilding the Kremlin and its cathedrals and designing Red Square.
As a result of two wars with Latvia (1500-1503,1507-1508) Ivan III and Vasily III took possession of 70 volosts (administrative divisions) and 25 cities, including Chernigov, Bryansk, Rilsk, and Putivl. In the fifteenth century Moscow became a cultural center of Russia. It was in Moscow monasteries that Andrey Rublev created his first icons, the best chronicles were created, and the first publishing house was built.
Another event of great importance was accession to the throne of the first tsar – the 17 year-old duke Ivan IV Vasilevich (later known as grozny – the terrible). In 1561 a letter signed by 37 hierarchs confirming the new tsar was received. From that time the church played a large part in state affairs.
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Moscow from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries
The period at the beginning of the seventeenth is known in history as Smutnoe Vremya (Time of Troubles). During this period the rulers changed frequently, and Moscow was occupied by Poland. During few years of poor harvests a severe famine took away thousands of lives. In 1612 Minin and Duke Pogarsky liberated Moscow from Polish occupation. The monument to Minin and Posharsky, which appeared on Red square in 1818, commemorates this even with the inscription “To Minin and Duke Pogarsky from grateful Russia”. In 1613 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov became tsar.
In the middle of the eighteenth century Moscow gradually transformed itself into a national cultural center. In 1755 Moscow University, along with two gymnasiums (schools), was founded. Here Moscow’s independent newspaper, Moskovskie Vedomosty (Moscow News) was published. Its first magazine Poleznoe Uveselenie (Useful Joy), edited by Mikhail Heraskov, was printed here as well.
In 1812 Napoleon sent his troops to Moscow. It was a difficult, prolonged war, during which Moscow was again razed to the ground. As a memorial to those who died in the war (in which Russian eventually triumphed) the Cathedral of God’s Ascension was built. All citizens of Moscow took part in the erection of the cathedral, and it was finally completed in 1880. The Triumfalnie Vorota (triumphal gates), located on Tverskaya Ulitsa, were also built as a memory of the war. The idea to build Triumfalnie Vorota belonged to emperor Nikolay I, and they were finally opened for the public view only in 1834, on the twentieth anniversary of the end of the Patriotic War.
The cultural life of Moscow of that period was colorful and interesting. Many well-known magazines were published at that time. In 1802 Nikolay Karamzin founded the Vestnik Evropi (The Messenger of Europe) magazine. Another magazine, “Russky Vestnik” (Russian Messenger), mainly covered Russian history, especially the history of Moscow.
In 1812 the “Association of Russian Literature Lovers” was founded. Many prominent writers such as Pushkin, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Tolstoy were the members of this society, which, by the way, functioned for almost 100 years.
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